The three are independent and inter-related, with a symbiotic integration and restriction effect. PLES basically covers the space activity scope of human social life, and is the basic carrier of human economic and social development. In May 2019, the Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Establishing a Territorial Space Planning System and Supervising its Implementation identified the main objectives of territorial space planning, which included that “By 2035, China will comprehensively modernize its governance system and capacity of land and space, and basically form the national space pattern featuring intensive and efficient production space, livable and appropriate living space, beautiful ecological space, secure, harmonious, competitive and sustainable.” The decision calls for accelerating the construction of an ecological civilization system, establishing a spatial planning system, delimiting the limits of space development control, and implementing use control. At the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee in November 2013, a number of major issues concerning comprehensively deepening reform were discussed in depth, and the Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform was adopted. The “Production–Living–Ecological” space (production space, living space, and ecological space, PLES), as the main body of the spatial pattern optimization, has become an important foundation for the planning and implementation of functional zones at all levels, the establishment of the spatial planning system, and the improvement of the system for the development and protection of territorial space. At the same time, it pointed out that optimizing the spatial development pattern of the national territory should be taken as the primary measure of ecological civilization construction, so as to promote intensive and efficient production space, livable and appropriate living space, and beautiful (picturesque scenery) ecological space. At the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party, the five-sphere integrated strategy of giving prominence to ecological progress was put forward from an overall and strategic perspective. How to coordinate social and economic development with ecological and environmental protection has become the core issue of sustainable development research in China. Urban construction land is also faced with environmental problems, such as occupying ecological space, air pollution, water pollution, and ecological imbalance. Since China’s reform and opening up, with the acceleration of industrialization, large-scale land resources have been continuously developed. In the future, the technological approach to the overall optimization of PLES should be guided by the vision of building a beautiful China, with the theory of a human–Earth coupling system as the core, and systematically build a theoretical system and technical framework to identify and optimize territorial space. However, due to the lack of understanding of the scientific connotation of PLES, and the imperfect construction of quantitative identification methods and classification system, there are many problems in the technical approaches of the overall optimization of PLES, which remain to be clarified. It is found that the existing work mainly focuses on the overall optimization of PLES from the perspectives of land-use quality, land-use suitability evaluation, resource and environmental carrying capacity, and comparative advantages. Through literature research and summing induction, this paper combs the research progress of the overall optimization of “Production–Living–Ecological” space (PLES) systematically. The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the optimization of territorial space development patterns as the primary measure of ecological civilization construction, and put forward the goal of “promoting intensive and efficient production space, livable and moderate living space, and beautiful (picturesque scenery) ecological space”.
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